2012-08-04 12:39:15 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-04 20:44:30 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-04 20:44:30 +00:00
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2012-08-05 08:29:21 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-04 15:09:24 +00:00
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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2012-08-04 15:09:24 +00:00
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2012-08-04 12:39:15 +00:00
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2012-08-04 20:44:30 +00:00
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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2012-08-05 16:51:20 +00:00
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<h2>Atoms!</h2>
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</div>
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<div class="modal-body">
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<p>Atoms actually consist of protons, neutrons and electrons, and can
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be torn apart by raising the temperature of the atom so high that the
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forces are not strong enough to hold them together. Once we break
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apart the atom, what happens? How do these smaller particles
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interact? We can understand the atom at follows:</p>
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<img src="img/art/hydrogen_atom.png">
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<p>A Hydrogen Atom, the simplest possible atom, is made of one proton
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and one electron. The proton, which is much heavier than the electron
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(in fact about 2000 times heavier) sits in the center, with the
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electron orbiting around the proton. The electron is negatively
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charged[ref], while the proton is positively charged[ref], so they are
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attracted to each other. The electron stays in orbit around the
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proton, just like the Earth stays in orbit around the Sun.</p>
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<h2>Is this as small as it gets?</h2>
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<p>Are these particles the smallest particles, or can we split them,
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just like we split the atom?</p>
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<p>We believe the electron is indeed fundamental. After trying to
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split it apart in many different ways, physicists have concluded that
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it is probably not possible, meaning that electrons are not made of
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anything smaller.</p>
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<p>However, we know that the proton is made up of other smaller
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particles, which we call quarks. The proton is made up of two kinds of
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quarks, called "up" and "down". [We can imagine]?? the proton is made
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up of three quarks: two up quarks and one down quark.</p>
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<img src="img/art/proton.png">
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<h2>What about other atoms?</h2>
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<p>This simple model can be expanded to describe more complicated
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atoms. For example, the Helium atom consists of two protons and two
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neutrons in the center, forming the nucleus [ref], with two electrons
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orbiting them. The proton, made of quarks is very similar to the
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neutron, while the electron is indivisible. With a similar mass[ref],
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they have very similar properties[ref], apart from their different
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electric charge [ref] (the proton is positively charged[ref], the
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neutron is neutral and has no electric charge[ref]). This is because
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they are also made up of quarks, just in a different
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combination. While the proton has two up quarks and one down quark,
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the neutron consists of one up quark and two down quarks.</p>
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<img src="img/art/proton.png"><img src="img/art/neutron.png ">
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<h2>What about their charges?</h2>
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<p>How can it be that the proton and neutron have a different charge,
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if they are made of the same building blocks? </p>
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<p>We know that the proton is up, up, down and charged +1 and the
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neutron is up, down, down and charged 0. The only possible way of
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resolving this is that the up quark is charged +2/3 and the down quark
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is charged -1/3. The fractions only appear here because we discovered
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the electron before we discovered the quarks, and called the electron
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charge "-1". If we had called the charge of the electron "-3", the
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quark charges would be whole numbers.</p>
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<h2>Questions we still need to answer</h2>
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<p>What are charges? Why do we call them "+" and "-"? What holds
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together the Hydrogen atom? And what holds together the nucleus? What
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about radioactivity? Why do physicists always draw funny graphs when
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explaining this? And finally, what is this "Higgs boson" everyone is
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talking about? Continue to answer these questions.</p>
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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2012-08-04 18:01:10 +00:00
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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2012-08-04 18:01:10 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-05 16:51:20 +00:00
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2012-08-04 18:01:10 +00:00
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-04 13:24:29 +00:00
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2012-08-04 15:09:24 +00:00
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2012-08-05 10:00:11 +00:00
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2012-08-05 14:07:01 +00:00
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