Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/FranciscoPinto/cern-summer-webfest

chapter/antimatter.html

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <h1>Antimatter</h1>
 
-<p>Every particle[ref] that we have met so far has a corresponding
-anti-particle. These antiparticles have exactly the same mass[ref] as
-the particle, but opposite charge[ref], and their lifetime and
-stability are the same. When a particle, for example the electron,
-meets its antiparticle, an anti-electron (or positron), they will
-annihilate each other. This means that both particles disappear and
-produce a huge amount of energy[ref]. This annihilation will only
+<p class="abstract">Every particle[ref] that we have met so far has a
+corresponding anti-particle. These antiparticles have exactly the same
+mass[ref] as the particle, but opposite charge[ref], and their
+lifetime and stability are the same. When a particle, for example the
+electron, meets its antiparticle, an anti-electron (or positron), they
+will annihilate each other. This means that both particles disappear
+and produce a huge amount of energy[ref]. This annihilation will only
 occur when an antiparticle meets its matching partner. For example, an
 antimuon will not annihilate with an electron. However, because there
 is a lot more matter in our universe than antimatter, it is much more

chapter/the_electromagnetic_interaction.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 <h1>The Electromagnetic Interaction</h1>
 
-<p>The electromagnetic force is the force affecting electrically charged
-particles. This is the force that keeps the electrons close to the
-nucleus of an atom. How do the charged particles communicate with each
-other? They exchange a certain type of particle, called the
-photon. This is the same particle that makes up light! Visible light,
-X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are all photons, with different
-energies.</p>
+<p class="abstract">The electromagnetic force is the force affecting
+electrically charged particles. This is the force that keeps the
+electrons close to the nucleus of an atom. How do the charged
+particles communicate with each other? They exchange a certain type of
+particle, called the photon. This is the same particle that makes up
+light! Visible light, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are all
+photons, with different energies.</p>
 

chapter/the_higgs.html

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <h1>The Higgs</h1>
 
 
-<p>On July 4th 2012, the two LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS announced
-the discovery of a new boson, which is likely to be the Higgs
-boson. It has been the missing piece of the Standard Model for many
-years, and its discovery is one of the most amazing successes of
-physics. In this chapter, we will explain the Higgs mechanism, that
+<p class="abstract">On July 4th 2012, the two LHC experiments ATLAS
+and CMS announced the discovery of a new boson, which is likely to be
+the Higgs boson. It has been the missing piece of the Standard Model
+for many years, and its discovery is one of the most amazing successes
+of physics. In this chapter, we will explain the Higgs mechanism, that
 gives mass to all the particles we know by now.</p>

chapter/the_strong_interaction.html

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <h1>The Strong Interaction</h1>
 
-<p>There must be some kind of force that glues together the quarks in the
+<p class="abstract">There must be some kind of force that glues together the quarks in the
 proton, just like the electromagnetic force attaches the electron to
 the atomic nucleus. And like for electromagnetism, there must be
 messenger particle of this force, and also a kind of “charge”, called
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ messenger particles of this interaction are called gluons, and they
 themselves carry color, so they cannot exist freely either.</p>
 
 
-<p>Looking at  the proton, we  see that  there are three  quarks glued
-together  - unlike  in the  hydrogen atom,  where there  are only  two
-partners:  the  proton and  the  electron.  Hence, something  must  be
-different about  this strong, nuclear  force, that glues  together the
-quarks. There  are three  different kinds of  "charge", as  opposed to
+<p class="abstract">Looking at the proton, we see that there are three
+quarks glued together - unlike in the hydrogen atom, where there are
+only two partners: the proton and the electron.  Hence, something must
+be different about this strong, nuclear force, that glues together the
+quarks. There are three different kinds of "charge", as opposed to
 electromagnetism, where there are only two, which we call positive and
 negative. For the strong force, the "charge" is called color.</p>

chapter/the_weak_interaction.html

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <h1>The  Weak Interaction</h1>
 
-<p>Some nuclear decays cannot be explained with only the strong and
-the electromagnetic interactions, another interaction is
-required. These decays are called beta decays (β-decay), and turn a
+<p class="abstract">Some nuclear decays cannot be explained with only
+the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, another interaction
+is required. These decays are called beta decays (β-decay), and turn a
 neutron into a proton (or the other way around) and emit an electron
 and a new particle, the neutrino [or a positron (an
 antielectron)]. They are rare and very different from the other types

chapter/three_generations.html

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 <h1>The Three Generations of Matter</h1>
 
-So far we have met the particles that make up most of the matter we
-see all around us - the up quark, the down quark and the electron. We
-have also met the electron neutrino, which is emitted during
-radioactive decay.  It seems like these four particles, along with the
-particles that carry forces, are enough to explain everything.
+<p class="abstract">So far we have met the particles that make up most
+of the matter we see all around us - the up quark, the down quark and
+the electron. We have also met the electron neutrino, which is emitted
+during radioactive decay.  It seems like these four particles, along
+with the particles that carry forces, are enough to explain
+everything.</p>
 
-
-<p>It turns out that each of the matter particles has two "big
-brothers" – new particles that are identical except for their larger
-mass. Physicists talk about "three generations" (sometimes called
-families instead) of matter. The first generation is the particles we
-have met already. The second generation contains the charm quark (the
-big brother of the up quark), the strange quark (the big brother of
-the down quark), the muon (the big brother of the electron) and the
-muon neutrino (the big brother of the electron neutrino). The third
-generation is the top quark, the bottom quark (this is sometimes also
-called the beauty quark), the tau lepton and the tau neutrino.</p>
+<p class="abstract">It turns out that each of the matter particles has
+two "big brothers" - new particles that are identical except for their
+larger mass. Physicists talk about "three generations" (sometimes
+called families instead) of matter. The first generation is the
+particles we have met already. The second generation contains the
+charm quark (the big brother of the up quark), the strange quark (the
+big brother of the down quark), the muon (the big brother of the
+electron) and the muon neutrino (the big brother of the electron
+neutrino). The third generation is the top quark, the bottom quark
+(this is sometimes also called the beauty quark), the tau lepton and
+the tau neutrino.</p>

chapter/what_is_the_world_made_of.html

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 <h1>What is the World made of?</h1>
 
-<p>The world around us, everything we see, touch, smell and taste, is
-made of matter. Everything from the device you are reading this
-webpage on and the ground that you are standing on to your body and
-the air you breathe - all consist of matter. But what is "matter"?
-People have been puzzling over this question for generations. In the
-early 20th century, it was believed that the smallest unit of matter
-was the atom (from greek atomos, meaning indivisible). It was known
-that atoms of different types have different properties and cannot be
-transformed into one another. However, today we know what atoms are
-made up of and why the different atoms have different properties. </p>
+<p class="abstract">The world around us, everything we see, touch,
+smell and taste, is made of matter. Everything from the device you are
+reading this webpage on and the ground that you are standing on to
+your body and the air you breathe - all consist of matter. But what is
+"matter"?  People have been puzzling over this question for
+generations. In the early 20th century, it was believed that the
+smallest unit of matter was the atom (from greek atomos, meaning
+indivisible). It was known that atoms of different types have
+different properties and cannot be transformed into one
+another. However, today we know what atoms are made up of and why the
+different atoms have different properties. </p>

readmore/the_electromagnetic_interaction.html

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 that it is made of a proton with electric charge +1 and an electron
 with charge -1. Particles with opposite electric charge attract each
 other just like magnets. This is an example of the electromagnetic
-force, or “the electromagnetic interaction”. </p> What is interaction?
+force, or "the electromagnetic interaction". 
+
+<h2>What is interaction?</h2>
 
 
 <p>How do the proton and the electron know about each other? How do
-they “interact”, and what do we mean by “interaction”? Particles
+they "interact", and what do we mean by “interaction”? Particles
 interact with each other by exchanging other particles. How does this
 work?</p>
 
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ receive the tools momentum, carrying him in the direction of
 flight. What happened? The two astronauts are now floating away from
 each other, whereas they were approaching each other before. They
 exchanged a tool, and transmitted momentum from one another, a process
-particle physicists call “scattering”. Sadly, this example only works
+particle physicists call "scattering". Sadly, this example only works
 for a repelling interaction. However, there is a similar example, that
 also works for an attractive interaction, which is a little more
 complicated.</p>
@@ -101,10 +103,10 @@ called fermions (all particles with half-integer spin are fermions).</p>
 
 
 
-Like all other bosons, photons can - given that sufficient energy is
+<p>Like all other bosons, photons can - given that sufficient energy is
 available - be produced out of nowhere and can also vanish into
 nothingness, leaving behind nothing but energy. Therefore, the
-electrons and protons in the atoms - as oppo<p>sed to the persons in
+electrons and protons in the atoms - as opposed to the persons in
 the boats we used as an analogy earlier - do not need to carry around
 their messengers (in our case photons), as they can simply be produced
 by all particles that carry charge. </p>
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ by all particles that carry charge. </p>
 <h2>Outlook</h2>
 
 <p>The exchange of photons between particles is what we call
-“electromagnetic interaction”, The photon can create either attraction
+"electromagnetic interaction", The photon can create either attraction
 or repulsion between particles and transport momentum as well as
 energy. Now we know what binds together the electron and the nucleus
 to form atoms, such as the Hydrogen atom or the Helium atom that we